Cultural Differences in Psychology: Indigenous Psychology

Cultural Differences in Psychology Indigenous PsychologyBedia, Ben JosephPeople often attribute stopping point with pagan products such as the fare they eat, the music they listen to, the dance that their body imitates and with psychological constructs such as beliefs, values, and norms. But in invest to have a deeper understanding of culture, one should dig in to bodies of knowledge such as superstition, history, and language. In understanding culture, one should take an insiders view who is capable of feeling, thinking, and identifying themselves as members of the culture. The creation and re- creation of culture is a continuous border and starts every time a child is born. With this, new patterns of relationships between the soul and the environment develops and is excessively sh ared with others. several(prenominal) units of the society such as tribes, clans, and families make strategies to cope and adapt with natural conditions that affects their livelihood and entire exi stence (Segall et al., 1990).Culture makes human beings eccentric from animals because with expose culture, citizenry would non be able to think and behave the way they do. Humans are able to communicate with one another(prenominal), make meaningful conversations, are able to manage their physical and well-disposed world, and much(prenominal) importantly, they make their own identity. All of these are because of culture. There are cardinal approaches in understanding culture understanding a culture from within and understanding a culture from without but I allow only discuss approximately understanding a culture from within because the concern is to understand culture in the Philippine context.Results of years of psychological casek have been disappointing since information have been found with objective third- person summary (Kim, 199 Koch Leary, 1985). Two types of knowledge are identified in indigenous psychology. The front one are semantic, analytic, and decl erative which is about info about impartial, objective epitome and the second one is about phenomenological, episodic, and procedural knowledge describes the subjective first- person experience. With these, it is really hard to understand culture because each person has each own approach and views. That is why scholars have developed Sikolohiyang Pilipino or Philippine Psychology.According to Enriquez (1994a), Sikolohiyang Pilipino wants to explain Philippine realities putting into consideration distinct Philippine values, characteristics, and experiences which other psychological models fail to explain. Western methods and concepts are the ones being used in the education and practice of psychology in the Philippines and on that point applicability to the Filipino culture and society is being skepticismed by Filipino scholars. But the prevalence of western psychology is not only felt in the Philippines but as well as in other countries around the globe and this led to the dev elopment of indigenous psychology.A characteristic that defines Sikolihiyang Pilipino is the use of Filipino language for look for and writing. SP scholars have noted that the use of native languages are important sources in the construction of native constructs as it raft reach a wider audience and can contribute to the development of national identity (Enriquez, 1994b Enriquez Marcelino, 1984 Javier, 1996 Rood, 1985 Salazar, 1982b, 1991 Sibayan, 1994). look for likewise shows that the language used in entropy collection reflects the identity and quality of the data (Church, Katigbak, Castaeda, 1988 see Church, 1986, pp. 106113, for a review).Two types of indigenous psychologies were identified by Enriquez (1993). Indigenization from within and indigenization from without. Indigenization from within involves the development of methods, concepts, and theories within the Philippines while indigenization from without involves the transfer of western psychological methods, conce pts, and theories and modify it to decease local culture. These types of psychologies aim to understand how people behave naturally and when they interact with the real world.Several challenges have been encountered in the indigenization of psychology in the Philippines. One poser is hybridization. Hybridization can be seen as a result of intercultural marriages as it results to the combination of existing beliefs and practices forming into new forms creating new identities. In other words, it is a duty period of existing culture into new ones (Pieterse, 1995 Rowe Schelling, 1991). The stronger the hybridization, the greater the function it has to the person and this has both negative and positive effects.Another challenge is the one according to Wilkinson (1995). He states that is there is only on civilization and those who interact intensely, continuously, and significantly belong to one civilization even if it is a hostile interaction and their cultures are very dissimilar. These bar were made by Wilkinson because according to him warfare, conflict, and even hostility when frequent creates a system for socialization composed by the antagonists and protagonists who cannot live in isolation.Glocalization is an attempt to merge the global and the local. One best example is micro trade in which global disfigurements are tailoring their products to fit in the local market done advertisements, In order for their products to sell, they should incorporate locality. For example, in selling a shampoo brand in the Philippines, international brands should have a sachet version of it because Filipinos love to use small versions of products as it make them save more money. The third challenge is cultural complexity in which again discusses the diversity of methods that culture is taught and understood. Technology had a big succor with these. Dubbed as machineries of meanings, they enable personal communication even without the presence of one another (Hannerz, 1992).If I were to study Filipino culture in a psychological lens, I would take into view social sectionalization as culture. Social class divides the society into elements such as schools, forms of recreation, the neighbourhood they choose to live, and the election of food to eat (Domhoff, 1998). A persons everyday life is controlled by his or her social class and it is already becoming a cultural identity. target social class refers to wealth, social behaviors, and preferences and these signals other people on how to perceive us. Social class can also be seen in non- verbal behaviour such as head- nods and eye contact for the measlyer- class individuals and less eye contact and head- nods for upper- class individuals. When a person identifies himself into a social class, he or she also identifies himself into a hierarchy and hierarchies provide individuals access to privilege and resources.A persons social rank also affects his or her social cognition. For example, frown- cl ass individuals decisions are influenced by external factors such as their bosses, government policies etc. as compared to upper- class individuals where their lives are more individualistic in which they decide whatever decision they would like to make on their own. In other words, lower- class people just tend to follow what upper- class people tell them because they think that upper- class individuals know-it-all and they would not question that. A perfect example for me is our household helper. I noticed that whenever my mom tells her to do some errands, she just always say yes without having any questions. I later on concluded that maybe because she thinks that my mom is knowledgeable enough and that no further question should be asked.Research has shown that individuals with low income blame educational opportunity as the reason for their poverty and wealth jobs as opposed to upper- class individuals where they attribute their touch with their disposition.Emotional empathy a lso differs with your social class. Kraus Keltner (2009) noted that lower- class individuals are more engaged and reliant with others. Also, query indicates that having less makes a person more splendid to others, interacts more, and is more emphatic leading to the theory that lower- class individuals are more prosocial. A study by Piff et al., (2010) found that individuals with lower socio- economic status gave more to charity than upper- class individuals.ReferencesEnriquez, V.G. (1994a). From colonial to liberation psychologyThe Philippine experience. Manila De La Salle UniversityPress.Enriquez, V.G. (1993). Developing a Filipino psychology. In U. Kim and J.W. Berry (Eds), Indigenous Psychologies Research and experience in cultural contetxt (pp. 152-169). Newburry Park. CA Sage.Segall, MH.Kim 2000(Kim, 199 Koch Leary, 1985).Enriquez, V.G. (1994b). Pagbabangong-dangal Indigenous psychologyand cultural empowerment. Quezon City, PhilippinesAkademya ng Kultura at Sikolohiyang Pi lipino.Enriquez, V.G., Marcelino, E.P. (1984). Neo-colonial politicsand language struggle in the Philippines National kenand language in Philippine psychology. Quezon City,Philippines Akademya ng Sikolohiyang Pilipino, PhilippinePsychology Research and Training House.Javier, R.E., Jr (1996). Sikolohiyang Pilipino Papaloob o papalabas?Sikolohiyang Pilipino Inward or outward?. Layag, 1,5156.Rood, S. (1985). Language and Philippine social science. In A.Aganon S.M.A. David (Eds.), New directions in indigenouspsychology Sikolohiyang Pilipino Isyu, pananaw at kaalamanFilipino psychology Issues, views and knowledge (pp.7690). Manila National Book Store.Salazar, Z.A. (1982b). Ilang batayan para sa isang sikolohiyangPilipino Some bases for a Filipino psychology. In R. Pe-Pua(Ed.), Sikolohiyang Pilipino Teorya, metodo at gamit Filipinopsychology Theory, method and application (pp. 4555).Quezon City, Philippines Philippine Psychology Researchand Training House. (Reprinted from Ulat ng unang pambansangkumperensya sa sikolohiyang Pilipino Proceedings ofthe 1st National Conference on Filipino Psychology, pp.3348, by L.F. Antonio, E.S. Reyes, R.E. Pe, N.R. Almonte(Eds.), 1976, Quezon City, Philippines Pambansang Samahansa Sikolohiyang Pilipino.)Sibayan, B.P. (1994). The teaching of the technical disciplines inFilipino.Unitas, 67, 8899.Church, A.T., Katigbak, M.S., Castaeda, I. (1988). Theeffects of language of data collection on derived conceptionsof healthy personality with Filipino bilinguals. journal ofCross-Cultural Psychology, 19, 178192.Pieterse, J.N. (1995). Globalization as hybridization. In M. Featherstone,S. Lash, R. Robertson (Eds.), Global modernities (pp.45-68). London Sage.Rowe, W., Schelling, V. (1991). Memory and modernity Popularculture in Latin America. London Verso.Wilkinson, D. (1995). Central civilizations. In S. K. Sanderson (Ed.),Civilizations and world systems Studying world-historical change(pp. 46-74).LondHannerz, U. (1992). Cultural complexi ty Studies in the social organizationof meaning. New York Columbia University Press.on Altamira Press.Consumer Choice Behaviour UK Nightclub Industry depth psychologyConsumer Choice Behaviour UK Nightclub Industry AnalysisFrom about 1900 to 1920, working class Americans got together at bar to dance with the music played on a piano or a jukebox, and this is the early origin of the ball club (Smith, 2001, p. 3). Nowadays, in general perspective, the Nightclub is a word can represents the entertainment and social nightlife. And in recently decades the club has become one of the virtually important parts of modern entertainment industry (Peretti, 2007, p. 4). It is clearly that, compared with the pub and bar, the clubhouse not only has some similitudes, but also has more own characteristics. The guild sells alcoholic drink and put music as pub and bar. However, ball club largely has dance floor and a DJ booth, the music always includes hip hop, rock, reggae and some house music ( Smith, 2001, p. 5). To some extent, lodge mixed the prefers of pub and bar, it has more entertaining and more modernity. As Smith (2001, p. 9) claimed that the nightclub industry is bright and profitable in the coming future, and this industry depart probably has more influences on economic growth. For example, a positive phenomenon of U.S. shows that after consumer spending declined on nightclub industry in 2009, consumer spending is probably has a noteworthy growth in 2010 (Bars, Nightclubs Drinking Establishments report in IBISWORLD, Jan 04 2011). And this kind of situation is happening in UK. In UK, there are 332,700 people working in the pubs, bars and nightclub industry, 40% of this people is working for nightclub. Therefore, the nightclub provides a huge number of job opportunities to society Pub, bar and nightclub industry workforce report in WARWICK, March 2010). Consequently, now the nightclub industry is playing a significant role in UKs economy. Although the nightclu b industry is important, in the academic circles there is a few literatures were related to the consumer behaviour of this industry. Moreover, in nightclub industry, less than 20% of entertainment venues capture 80% of the market share (Nightclubs A business where 20% continue to make 80% of the money cited in NIGHTCLUBBIZ, 08 February 2010). And there is no authoritative and coincident academic theory to explain this unbalanced phenomenon. Therefore, more and more attention began to focus on this interesting unbalanced situation. What are the main(prenominal) factors distinguished consumer excerption in nightclub industry and what is the core private-enterprise(a) advantage in this truly free-enterprise(a) market.Obviously, the nightclub industry is a bright and profitable industry over the next few decades. Therefore, realizing the main factor dominating consumers selection behaviour is useful and significant. This oratory will make an in depth look into the nightclub indus try and investigate the main factors dominating consumers choice behaviour. And then, provide some suppositious supports for understanding consumers choice behaviour in this industry. Moreover, use the research results to provide some positive suggestion about the marketing and promotions strategies in the nightclub industry.Literature ReviewObviously, nightclub industry is truly opposite from other industries, such as food, medical, clo matter and so on. These kinds of industries produce transparent products. However, the nightclub industry provides tangible products and intangible service together (Rigakos, 2008, p. 12). To some extent, the intangible service is more difficult to promote and also uncontrollability. Therefore, investigate the main factors which dominate the consumers choice behaviour in this industry is arduous task.Firstly, looking back the previous academic theories, Baker (1999) demonstrated that marketing is a process that can provide the products to the con sumers, and this process includes four factors they are product, price, place and promotion. Additionally, Keller (2003, p. 7) claimed that brand take on special meaning to consumers. It is a significant source of competitive advantage of the manufacturers. Fill (2006, p. 8) suggests that the marketing communication can add value through enhanced product and organisational symbolism. Egan (2008, p. 16) and Buttle (2009, p. 14) demonstrate that the customer relationship management is a positive technology to enhance the achievement of enterprise, helping broader organizational goals. In the secondary research procedure, this dissertation will take these academicians theories as the basic theoretical supports.After the secondary research studying in this area, it can be seen that in nightclub industry there are several factors can influence the consumers choice behaviour. According to the basic theories and through the preliminary assessment, these factors can be separated by two part s, internal and managerial. The internal factors includes music, light, price and security. The managerial factors includes brand value, promotion and customer relationship management.First of all, some perspectives support that the music is the core competitive advantage of a nightclub. The main types of music in nightclub include hip hop, rock, reggae and pop music and so on. And different consumer groups have different demands to the music (Smith, 2001, p. 219). Therefore, comfortable musical environment is an important factor could be influence the consumers choice behaviour. Then the other internal facilities factor is light. On the topic of professional writing and referencing Smith (2001, p.131) statesLight set the mood, like legion(predicate) other things, light play an important role in establishing an overall mood, and if the place is hopping, it usually results in an easy decision for customers to enter and if it is not, they may leave.Furthermore, sometimes the price is also an important element to influence consumers choices behaviour. That is not to say price is cheaper is better. It is mean that in this industry, there should be different price ranges for different consumer groups (Engelson, 1995, p. 33). For example, there is a figure shows that per person spending on average from 12 to 31 one night (A basic overview of nightclub and bar investments cited in NIGHTCLUBBIZ, 08 February 2010). Different consumer groups have different attitudes on same price. Therefore, some consumers with high consumption would probably choose the high price service or product. Opposite, the low consumption consumers would be more price-sensitive (Engelson, 1995, p. 35). Consequently, to some degree the price is probably an important factor can influence the customer choice behaviour. Recently, the security problem is raising a key master of the nightclub industry. That is because there are several malignant cases were related with nightclub. For example, a man d ied after a pellet outside a nightclub in Winter Garden on 5 April 2001 (One killed in shooting outside Winter Garden club cited in ORLANDOSENTINEL, 05 April 2011). And in earlier time, there is another homicide case happened in East London nightclub (Murder at Boheme nightclub cited in MURDERMAP, 27 March 2011). extract the malignant cases, the fire disaster is another frequent threat to the security of nightclub (McManus OToole, 2005, p. 244). Therefore, the consumers put more and more attention on security of nightclub.The first managerial factor is brand value. Rigakos (2008, p. 46) mentioned that the brand value to a nightclub is crucial adjective. And the brand value can make your nightclub stand out from the rest and potential customers need to be able to find your nightclub. Moreover, Peretti (2007, p. 201) comments that create a brand name is significant step for building fame in the nightclub industry, sometimes the brand value is the key matter for earning profit in th is industry. Therefore, the brand value is a significant element in the process of the consumers choice behaviour. Secondly, promotion for the nightclub is a significant element. Compared with other industry, the customers of nightclub industry have more mobility. It is meant in this industry the average customer loyalty is lower than traditional industry. Hence, this industry needs more promotions activities (Coe, 2009, p. 102). Some simple promotions technologies can results in an easy decision for consumers to enter the nightclub. Such as the free hats, shirts, and channel bags. According to the academic work of Egan (2008, p. 16), the customer relationship management is not just sent an email to customers. It is also not simply sent the invitation on Facebook. The customer relationship is becoming the major trend in marketing and the key mater of nightclub promotion process. It is clearly that, customers prefer to the nightclub with neighborly customer relationship management. Consequently, from the analyzing the related material, the customer relationship management is probably can be a main factor dominating the customers choice behaviour.Finally, through reading the literatures it is can be found that there are some factors are basic. Such as the price, security, music, favorable traffic condition and convenient pose conditions. That is to say if the nightclub investor wants get customers into nightclub and make profit, these factors are necessary. Expect there necessary conditions, the brand, promotion and customer relationship management are the lengthy conditions. Therefore, in the process of chief(a) research, this project will investigate these factors can dominate the consumers choice behaviour or not. And if there has influence on the consumers choice behaviour, how much is the degree of the influence.Research Question and AimsThe proposed research question is to explore what are the main factors can dominate the consumers choice behaviour i n UK nightclub industry. As motioned previously, there are many factors have influences on customers choice behaviour. And what are the decisive factors can dominate the consumers choice behaviour in this competitive market? This project is designed to investigate the current situation of UK nightclub market and find out the core factors which can decides the consumers choice behaviour in this industry. Then, in order to help the owners of nightclub in UK can better realise the customers intend propose and need, increasing the profitability.Proposed MethodResearch strategy produce the research question and aim this project will focus on investigating the main factors which can dominate the consumers choice behaviour. That is to say, why the consumer choice A nightclub rather than B nightclub? What are the main reasons of the consumption behaviours? Therefore, the emphasis of this project will focus on the consumer side. However, that is not to say the information come from the move r of nightclub is useless. This project will also adopt the case study method, choosing some successful nightclubs as the samples of case study. Interview the operators of the nightclub or do some participant observation works for collecting the useful data from the nightclub operators. According to the research methods literature this project will adopt the qualitative and quantitative research methods together to get the research result. And the main basic theoretical supports come from Bryman and Bell (2007), Saunder (2007) and Easterby-Smith, et al. (2002).Research designSeveral research designs were considered. Consequently, cross-sectional design, longitudinal design, Multiple-case study design and comparative design was decided as the practical and clutch research designs due to the restraints imposed by time and accessibility (Bryman Bell, 2007, p. 44-66). The reasons of choosing these kinds of research designs have four firstly, this research will adopt the questionnaire and structured oppugning methods, and the cross-sectional design is an appropriate research design to fail the data come from the questionnaire and structured hearinging (Saunder, et al., 2007, p. 153). Secondly, in this research, it will adopt the case study method to analyse several nightclubs. Therefore, it meant there will be Multiple-case study design. Because the case study research always includes longitudinal factors, and the longitudinal design is also an effective way to analyse the changes happened inside of the cases (Saunder, et al., 2007, p. 161). Hence, it will be also adopted in this research. Thirdly, the comparative design is appropriate for analysing the external elements of the cases (Bryman Bell, 2007, p. 66). It can be used to investigate the differentiations and similarities among different nightclubs.Research methodIn this research, it will first collect the related literatures about the research topic, analysing the similarities and differentiation among different literatures, and then, obtain the background of this topic and the general theoretical framework about this flying field (Easterby-Smith, et al., 2002, p. 60). Secondly, this research will use the primary research methods to glean the original data. In this procedure, it will include questionnaire, interview, participant observation and some internet research methods (Easterby-Smith, et al., 2002, p. 168). The questionnaire will be used in the structured interview, and the self-completion questionnaires would not be adopted in this research, because the limitation of lower response rates and not move (Bryman Bell, 2007, p. 242). The types of interview will include structured, unstructured and semi-structured interview. The structured interview will be used in the process of questionnaire, and the unstructured and semi-structured interview will be adopted to interview the operators of nightclubs. Additionally, the participant observation will be used to analyse the nigh tclubs which the research selects as the samples (Easterby-Smith, et al., 2002, p. 76).Access issuesThis research will choose the Newcastle nightclub market as the research sample. The reason for doing have two. One is Newcastle upon Tyne is famous for its entertainment, and especially the nightlife culture. And a new survey by Luxardo sambuca reveals that Newcastle followed Manchester as the second most offers for nightlife city in UK (Top UK Nightlife City Survey cited in PRNEWSWIR, 25 November 2011). Therefore, the Newcastle nightclub market has its strong partness of the UK nightclub industry. Two is I am a disciple in Newcastle University, I live in Newcastle, for the reason of restraints imposed by time and accessibility therefore I choose Newcastle nightclub market as the sample is reasonable and viable. And after determine the sample this project will try to glean the data from consumers by questionnaire. And this research will print two hundreds paper questionnaires and t he questionnaires will be distributed by structured interview around the city centre and in front of door of the nightclubs. The electronic questionnaires will be distributed by email or put on the websites. For example, establish a group discussion on Facebook or Twitter. Furthermore, this research will attempt to interview fifteen nightclub operators in Newcastle, obtaining their perspectives about the dissertation question for supplementing the data come from consumers. And until now, I have two interviewees were selected, one is my classmate, he is the main operator of the Voodooers party in Newcastle. The other one is the manager of Sinners. Because that I have operated some private parties in her nightclub. Therefore, she would like to be an interviewee of my interview and would like to break in other nightclub managers to me. And this project will search for more interviewees in May.Proposed work planAprilThe design of questionnaireCheck the quality and viable of the questio nnaireSend the questionnaires and analysis of questionnaires dataContinue to search for the intervieweesContinue the secondary research work and contact with the interviewees of interviewMayCarry out the interviews and record the process of interviewFinish the report of interviewJuneAnalysing all of the primary data and contrast the results of the secondary research and primary researchStart writing the final dissertationJuly to AugustFinish the writing of dissertationEthical issueIn this research it will adopt a series of research methods. Therefore, it is necessary to even off attention on the honorable issue. Firstly, it should curb the rule of reciprocity and trust create a favourable research environment (Bryman Bell, 2007 144). Secondly, In the process of questionnaire, it should keep the principles of voluntary participation and informed consent, it means the respondents must be fully informed about the procedures and risks involved in research and give their consent to r ecord (Bryman Bell, 2007 137). Thirdly, in the process of participant observation, it should avoid the harm of participants to the respondent, and keep a certain distance from the respondents in hope that avoiding the negative influence and maintaining the objective of the data. Furthermore, in the process of data analysing, do not destroy the privacy of the respondents. Moreover, protect the security of data after finish research (Bryman Bell, 2007 143). Consequently, only under the ethical principles, the research is reasonable and significance, the results of research can be objective and credible.LimitationsThe most serious limitation of this research is that the secondary literatures are not adequate. Therefore, to some extent, the primary research is the key matter of this research. Hence, the quality of the primary research decides the results and the quality of this project. Consequently, if the collection and analysis of primary data are not reasonable, then the results o f the research will not representative (Easterby-Smith, et al., 2002, p. 128). Therefore, in the process of designing questionnaire and the procedure of analysing the data should be more cautious and systemic.The second limitation is that the size of the sample. It is customary that bigger size sample will make minimum biased (Bryman Bell, 2007 242). Hence, I am not sure that the two hundreds questionnaires will get the representative primary data or not. Whether increase the size of sample or not need to be checked and considered in the practice process.Finally, there is another limitation is that lack of practical experience. I just make sure two interviewees until now. Therefore, I need to contact thirteen interviewees in May. And the worse thing is I did not have any experience about the interview. I need to design a question plan and ask questions in an appropriate way. Consequently, this process for me is a challenge, for the whole research is a limitation.Proposed data hand ling and analysisGenerally speaking, in this research it will obtain plenty of data come from the questionnaire and interview. Therefore, it is important to adopt an appropriate method to analyse the qualitative research data. There are two general strategies of qualitative data analysis were considered. One is analytic induction (Bryman Bell, 2007 582). The other one is grounded theory (Bryman Bell, 2007 584). And this project will adopt the grounded theory as the main strategy of qualitative data analysis. The data of the qualitative research will be analysed by the computer software NVivo (Saunder, et al., 2007, p. 480). Moreover, the quantitative data will be analysed by using the pattern statistical methods (Saunder, et al., 2007, p. 414). Furthermore, the secondary analysis will be used in both of the quantitative and qualitative research.